> biomedical progress, especially in therapeutics, has become less productive despite staggering advances in basic science.

> the inflation-adjusted cost to bring a new drug to market roughly doubles every nine years: a trend that has held since the 1950s.

Presumably they're getting at numbers of new drugs brought to market.

I'm interested in a different metric: Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved due primarily to new drugs brought to market.

Who cares if 1 million drugs come to market and they do little to improve lives? We'd prefer 10 that had more QALYs.

The cost of iteration here is so high, that we will likely remain in a bioengineering winter until there is a way for individuals to iterate on these compounds in their own self-directed research. We need a ham radio equivalent for synthetic molecules.