Autonomous cars, drones cheerfully obey prompt injection by road sign
92 points
6 hours ago
| 9 comments
| theregister.com
| HN
randycupertino
4 hours ago
[-]
> In a new class of attack on AI systems, troublemakers can carry out these environmental indirect prompt injection attacks to hijack decision-making processes.

I have a coworker who brags about intentionally cutting off Waymos and robocars when he sees them on the road. He is "anti-clanker" and views it as civil disobedience to rise up against "machines taking over." Some mornings he comes in all hyped up talking about how he cut one off at a stop sign. It's weird.

reply
antinomicus
3 hours ago
[-]
This is a legitimate movement in my eyes. I don’t participate, but I see it as valid. This is reminiscent of the Luddite movement - a badly misunderstood movement of folks who were trying to secure labor rights guarantees in the face of automation and new tools threatening to kill large swaths of the workforce.
reply
lukeschlather
2 hours ago
[-]
The Luddites were employed by textile manufacturers and destroyed machines to get better bargaining power in labor negotiations. They weren't indiscriminately targeting automation, they targeted machines that directly affected their work.
reply
nine_k
1 hour ago
[-]
Destroying someone else's property is much more obviously criminal than cutting off someone else's car, which is not nice, but not destructive.
reply
Retric
1 hour ago
[-]
Criminality is an arbitrary benchmark here, cutting people off can be illegal due to the risks involved.

However what’s more interesting is the deeper social contracts involved. Destroying other people’s stuff can be perfectly legal such as fireman breaking car windows when someone parks in front of a fire hydrant. Destroying automation doesn’t qualify for an exception, but it’s not hard to imagine a different culture choosing to favor the workers.

reply
nine_k
1 hour ago
[-]
Inflicting damage is usually justified by averting larger damage. Very roughly, breaking a $200 car window is justified in order to save a $100k house from burning down. Stealing someone's car is justified when you need a car to urgently drive someone bleeding to a hospital to save their life (and then you don't claim the car is yours, of course).

I don't think Luddites had an easy justification like this.

reply
ordersofmag
54 minutes ago
[-]
I'm pretty sure the Luddites judged the threat the machines posed to their livelihood to be a greater damage than their employer's loss of their machines. So for them, it was an easy justification. The idea that dollar value encapsulates the only correct way to value things in the world is a pretty scary viewpoint (as your reference to the value of saving a life illustrates).
reply
cwillu
28 minutes ago
[-]
Dangerous driving is a criminal offense
reply
Refreeze5224
1 hour ago
[-]
Which makes the comparison of modern anti-AI proponents (like myself) and Luddites even more apt and accurate.
reply
skybrian
2 hours ago
[-]
How does cutting off a Waymo help with any of that?
reply
nine_k
1 hour ago
[-]
The feeling of dominance over machines may be saving that coworker the expense and hassle of another visit to a therapist.
reply
BoorishBears
2 hours ago
[-]
I think the important part was telling their coworker ironically: now here we are recognizing their movement
reply
stopbulying
1 hour ago
[-]
People are free to reject technology as they please.

If you deliberately impede the flow of traffic, vehicularly assault, or otherwise sabotage the health and safety of drivers, passengers, and/or pedestrians, what do you deserve?

If you cause whiplash intentionally, what do you deserve?

What would be use of equal force in self defense in response to the described attack method?

reply
stinkbeetle
52 minutes ago
[-]
What exactly do you mean by "legitimate" and "valid"?

Are movements valid if they have aims that you agree with, or are economic self-interest motivated, and invalid otherwise?

reply
bsder
1 hour ago
[-]
Please tell me that he does realize that when something bad happens, that Waymo car has all the footage that it is his fault?

Something in people's brains often makes them think they are anonymous when they are driving their car. Then that gets disastrously proven otherwise when they need to show up in front of a judge.

reply
bigbadfeline
1 hour ago
[-]
These drones have cameras, it's a matter of time before they "share" footage... basically becoming robo-cops, traffic edition - this might be of interest to your coworker.
reply
nine_k
1 hour ago
[-]
Most roads already have plenty of cameras registering passing cars, so if you want to travel highly privately, take a bike, which does not require number plates. Also don't forget to wrap your phone in foil (yes, even when turned off), and regularly change your shirt color, or something.

If you are not that paranoid, you might appreciate the extra camera footage available from passing cars in an event of an accident involving you.

reply
kbaker
1 hour ago
[-]
Just tell him that Waymo is now sharing videos of this behavior with auto insurance companies.

I don't know if they are or not. But why wouldn't they...

reply
uxhacker
4 hours ago
[-]
The study assumes that the car or drone is being guided by a LLM. Is this a correct assumption? I would thought that they use custom AI for intelligence.
reply
nasreddin
3 hours ago
[-]
Its an incorrect assumption, the inference speed and particularly the inference speed of the on-device LLMs with which AVs would need to be using is not compatible with the structural requirements of driving.
reply
nharada
2 hours ago
[-]
I think the assumption is valid. Most of the reasoning components of the next gen (and some current gen) robotics will use VLMs to some extent. Deciding if a temporary construction sign is valid seems to fall under this use case.
reply
godelski
4 hours ago
[-]
To the best of my knowledge every major autonomous vehicle and robotics company is integrating these LVLMs into their systems in some form or another, and an LVLM is probably what you're interacting with these days rather than an LLM. If it can generate images or read images, it is an LVLM.

The problem is no different from LLMs though, there is no generalized understanding and thus they can not differentiate the more abstract notion of context. As an easy to understand example: if you see a stop sign with a sticker that says "for no one" below you might laugh to yourself and understand that in context that this does not override the actual sign. It's just a sticker. But the L(V)LMs cannot compartmentalize and "sandbox" information like that. All information is equally processed. The best you can do is add lots of adversarial examples and hope the machine learns the general pattern but there is no inherent mechanism in them to compartmentalize these types of information or no mechanism to differentiate this nuance of context.

I think the funny thing is that the more we adopt these systems the more accurate the depiction of hacking in the show Upload[0] looks.

[0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziUqA7h-kQc

Edit:

Because I linked elsewhere and people seem to doubt this, here is Waymo a few years back talking about incorporating Gemini[1].

Also, here is the DriveLM dataset, mentioned in the article[2]. Tesla has mentioned that they use a "LLM inspired" system and that they approach the task like an image captioning task[3]. And here's 1X talking about their "world model" using a VLM[4].

I mean come on guys, that's what this stuff is about. I'm not singling these companies out, rather I'm using as examples. This is how the field does things, not just them. People are really trying to embody the AI and the whole point of going towards AGI is to be able to accomplish any task. That Genie project on the front page yesterday? It is far far more about robots than it is about videogames.

[1] https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/introducing-emma/

[2] https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/DriveLM

[3] https://kevinchen.co/blog/tesla-ai-day-2022/

[4] https://www.1x.tech/discover/world-model-self-learning

reply
cucumber3732842
5 hours ago
[-]
One year in my city they were installing 4-way stop signs everywhere based on some combination of "best practices" and "screeching Karens". Even the residents don't like them in a lot of places so over time people just turn the posts in the ground or remove them.

Every now and the I'll GPS somewhere and there will be a phatom stop sign in the route and I chuckle to myself because it means the Google car drove through when one of these signs was "fresh".

reply
pixl97
4 hours ago
[-]
Screwing with a stop sign because you don't like it is a great way to end up on the wrong end of a huge civil liability lawsuit
reply
cucumber3732842
4 hours ago
[-]
Put down the pearls. It's not me personally doing it.

They never fixed any of them. I don't think the DPW cares. These intersection just turned back into the 2-way stops they had been for decades prior.

Compliance probably technically went up since you no longer have the bulk of the traffic rolling it.

reply
fragmede
4 hours ago
[-]
If you're already commiting crimes, what you seem to be saying is don't get caught.
reply
digiown
4 hours ago
[-]
4-way stops are terrible in general. They train people to think "I stopped, now I can go", which is dangerous when someone confuses a normal stop for a 4-way stop. It also wastes a good bit of energy.
reply
c22
4 hours ago
[-]
Weird, I was taught that I can only go after yielding to the right.
reply
seanmcdirmid
1 hour ago
[-]
That isn’t the rule either, I guess parent made their point. The first person who stops goes next, right away only matters if their is ambiguity in who stopped first.
reply
arcanemachiner
1 hour ago
[-]
To your first point, "the rule" is location-dependent. And to your second point, that was obviously (to me, at least) implied.
reply
bschwindHN
54 minutes ago
[-]
> right away

right of way

reply
james_marks
32 minutes ago
[-]
The point is, if many 4-way stops don’t have traffic at them, a stop/start becomes a perfunctory, dangerous habit.
reply
XorNot
3 hours ago
[-]
4 ways stops should be roundabouts, but the US is allergic to them for some reason.
reply
paulclinger
1 hour ago
[-]
Roundabouts are great (we just had two complex intersections with traffic lights replaced by roundabouts and the traffic flow is much better), but they take significantly more space than a 4-way stop.
reply
cucumber3732842
2 hours ago
[-]
Roundabouts excel when traffic volumes on the intersecting are comparable. They are crap when traffic volumes are highly disparate
reply
orwin
15 minutes ago
[-]
They make people on the main road slow down, which is a feature, not a bug. What you mean is that they're the most efficient at what they do when the traffic is comparable. They only reduce accident at the expense of a slightly lowered throughput if the traffic is highly disparate.
reply
XorNot
2 hours ago
[-]
Right but it's not like a 4 way stop is going to perform better. In the same case you'd expect it to be a 2 way stop.
reply
josephcsible
2 hours ago
[-]
> Right but it's not like a 4 way stop is going to perform better.

A 4 way stop does perform better than a roundabout given highly disparate traffic volumes, because roundabouts suffer from resource starvation in that scenario, but 4 way stops are starvation-free.

reply
cucumber3732842
2 hours ago
[-]
>In the same case you'd expect it to be a 2 way stop

Which is what it was for the first 70yr... And what most of them in this particular neighborhood still are, with a 0-6mo intermission.

reply
seanmcdirmid
1 hour ago
[-]
A lot of legacy intersections don’t have space for round abouts even in cites that embrace them.
reply
masfuerte
1 hour ago
[-]
So use a mini roundabout. They are common in the UK. It's just a painted circle with a slight hump, in the middle of a four-way junction. Vehicles can drive over it (and larger ones have to) but it indicates to everyone that they have to give way to traffic from the right and don't have to stop otherwise. They typically aren't big enough for multiple vehicles to be turning a corner at the same time. They fit anywhere.
reply
Mountain_Skies
1 hour ago
[-]
Even rural Georgia has double roundabouts now. Not sure why people on the internet can't contain their glee at stating the US is "allergic" to them when the frequency of roundabouts has grown significantly in recent decades.
reply
kjkjadksj
1 hour ago
[-]
Because retrofitting them properly requires emminent domain. The ones they shoehorn onto former four way stops are so useless. They are so tight you still have to face a stop sign vs being able to just seamlessly zipper merge in a proper larger circumference roundabout. When they have room to build out a proper roundabout they are usually OK but that is hard to do outside say new suburban construction due to lack of available land on the right of way.
reply
_diyar
5 hours ago
[-]
Are any real world self-driving models (Waymo, Tesla, any others I should know?) really using VLM?
reply
bijant
4 hours ago
[-]
No! No one in their right mind would even consider using them for guidance and if they are used for OCR (not too my knowledge but could make sense in certain scenarios) then their output would be treated the way you'd treat any untrusted string.
reply
godelski
3 hours ago
[-]
You are confidently wrong

  > Powered by Gemini, a multimodal large language model developed by Google, EMMA employs a unified, end-to-end trained model to generate future trajectories for autonomous vehicles directly from sensor data. Trained and fine-tuned specifically for autonomous driving, EMMA leverages Gemini’s extensive world knowledge to better understand complex scenarios on the road. 
https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/introducing-emma/
reply
fsckboy
3 hours ago
[-]
>to generate future trajectories for autonomous vehicles directly from sensor data

we will not have achieved true AGI till we start seeing bumper stickers (especially Saturday mornings) that say "This Waymo Brakes for Yard Sales"

reply
written-beyond
3 hours ago
[-]
You were confidently wrong for judging them to be confidently wrong

> While EMMA shows great promise, we recognize several of its challenges. EMMA's current limitations in processing long-term video sequences restricts its ability to reason about real-time driving scenarios — long-term memory would be crucial in enabling EMMA to anticipate and respond in complex evolving situations...

They're still in the process of researching it, noting in that post implies VLM are actively being used by those companies for anything in production.

reply
godelski
1 hour ago
[-]

  > They're still in the process of researching it
I should have taken more care to link a article, but I was trying you link something more clear.

But mind you, everything Waymo does is under research.

So let's look at something newer to see if it's been incorporated

  > We will unpack our holistic AI approach, centered around the Waymo Foundation Model, which powers a unified demonstrably safe AI ecosystem that, in turn, drives accelerated, continuous learning and improvement.

  > Driving VLM for complex semantic reasoning. This component of our foundation model uses rich camera data and is fine-tuned on Waymo’s driving data and tasks. Trained using Gemini, it leverages Gemini’s extensive world knowledge to better understand rare, novel, and complex semantic scenarios on the road.

  > Both encoders feed into Waymo’s World Decoder, which uses these inputs to predict other road users behaviors, produce high-definition maps, generate trajectories for the vehicle, and signals for trajectory validation. 
 
They also go on to explain model distillation. Read the whole thing, it's not long

https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/demonstrably-safe-ai-for-auto...

But you could also read the actual research paper... or any of their papers. All of them in the last year are focused on multimodality and a generalist model for a reason which I think is not hard do figure since they spell it out

reply
lifeisstillgood
3 hours ago
[-]
To me this is just one more pillar underlying my assumption that self driving cars that can be left alone on same roads as humans is a pipe dream.

Waymo might have taxis that work in nice daytime streets (but with remote “drone operators”). But dollars to doughnuts someone will try something like this on a waymo taxi the minute it hits reddit front page.

The business model of self driving cars does not include building seperated roadways and junctions. I suspect long distance passenger and light loads are viable (most highways can be expanded to have one or more robo-lanes) but cities are most likely to have drone operators keeping things going and autonomous systems for handling loss of connection etc. the business models are there - they just don’t look like KITT - sadly

reply
blibble
3 hours ago
[-]
> But dollars to doughnuts someone will try something like this on a waymo taxi the minute it hits reddit front page.

and once this video gets posted to reddit, an hour later every waymo in the world will be in a ditch

reply
skybrian
2 hours ago
[-]
Alternatively, it happens once, Waymo fixes it, and it's fixed everywhere.
reply
SoftTalker
55 minutes ago
[-]
How does Waymo fix it? They have to be responsive to some signs (official, legitimate ones such as "Lane closed ahead, merge right") so there will always be some injection pathway.
reply
joetl
2 hours ago
[-]
Regarding some other comments, VLMs are a component of VLAs. So even if this won’t directly impact this generation of vehicles, it almost certainly will for robotics without sufficient mitigations.

https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/updating-classifier-evasio...

reply
rfw300
5 hours ago
[-]
Relevant xkcd: https://xkcd.com/1958/
reply
dmurray
5 hours ago
[-]
The experiment in the article goes further than this.

I expect a self driving car to be able to read and follow a handwritten sign saying, say, "Accident ahaed. Use right lane." despite the typo and the fact that it hasn't seen this kind of sign before. I'd expect a human to pay it due attention to.

I would not expect a human to follow the sign in the article ("Proceed") in the case illustrated where there were pedestrians already crossing the road and this would cause a collision. Even if a human driver takes the sign seriously, he knows that collision avoidance takes priority over any signage.

There is something wrong with a model that has the opposite behaviour here.

reply
lukan
5 hours ago
[-]
Not really, as those attacks discussed here would not work on humans.
reply
TomatoCo
5 hours ago
[-]
If you put on a reflective vest they might.
reply
honeybadger1
2 hours ago
[-]
your bias is showing. humans would certainly almost do anything they are told to do when the person acts confidently.
reply
eigencoder
29 minutes ago
[-]
If a person confidently told a human to run over people in the intersection ahead of them, they would almost certainly do it?
reply
6stringmerc
3 hours ago
[-]
That’s some hot CHAI right there very clever and primitive combination, well done as more research for the community.
reply
bijant
4 hours ago
[-]
The Register stooping this low is the only surprise here. I'm quite critical of Teslas approach to level 3+ autonomy but even I wouldn't dare suggest that there vision based approach amounted to bolting GPT-4o or some other VLLM to their cars to orient them in space and make navigation decisions. Fake News like this makes interacting with people who have no domain knowledge and consider The Register, UCLA and Johns Hopkins to be reputable institutions and credible sources more stressful to me as I'll be put into a position to tell people that they have been misled or go along with their delusions...
reply