Coming from C++ I assumed this was the only way but Rust has an interesting approach where objects do not pay any cost because virtual dispatch is handled by fat pointers. So you carry around the `vptr` in fat pointers (`&dyn MyTrait`) only when needed, not in every instance.

One of the papers I had bookmarked when toying with my own language design was someone that had worked out how to make interfaces as fast or faster than vtables by using perfect hashing and using the vtable as a hash table instead of a list.

You can also, when inlining a polymorphic call, put a conditional block in that bounces back to full dispatch if the call occasionally doesn’t match the common case. The problem with polymorphic inlining though is that it quickly resembles the exact sort of code we delete and replace with polymorphic dispatch:

    if (typeof arg1 == “string”) {
    } else if typeof arg1 === …) {
    } else if {
    } else if {
    } else {
    }

With concepts, templates and compile time execution, there is no need for CRTP, and in addition it can cover for better error messages regarding what methods to dispatch to.